With the continuing improvement in sonographic images, a method of inserting a long needle into the umbilical vein as early as week 17 of pregnancy has been developed. In percutaneous (Latin per = through; cutis = skin) umbilical blood sampling, or PUBS, a small volume of fetal blood is withdrawn, approximately 1 to 4 milliliters, […]

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The first clinic in the United States to give periodic care to pregnant women who were not ill, had no noticeable symptoms of problems, and were not in labor was established in Boston in 1909. Its main concern was the early detection of toxemia of pregnancy (high blood pressure with liver and kidney complications) among […]

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